Category Archives: Marketing

Let’s think green

Green is for everything, and you don’t have to make your product bland to make it eco-friendly, all you need is creativity in product development to attain it. I came across gDiaper video a few days back and I believe these diapers certainly endorse this fact. gDiapers consists of a washable outer pants and plastic free flushable refill. The outer pants make the diaper look nice, the flushable refills make them a lot easier to use and dispose, and at the same time the plastic free refill makes the product eco-friendly. So next time when you think that your product doesn’t have scope to go eco-friendly, think about the diapers to get some inspiration!

This is just one example where making the product eco-friendly makes it easier and smarter to use. Another one that is gaining lot of attention is Honda Pilot. Honda built this car which looks like an SUV and gives twice the gas mileage as compared to a normal SUV. By making a green product, Honda is on its way to cash on all the bad publicity SUVs are gaining for bad mileage, which makes them both non eco-friendly and costly to use.

So what does “think green” mean? “Think green” simply means add features to your product that gives it added advantages along with making it better for the planet. Using creativity and making conscious efforts in designing the product can lead to an eco-friendly output with features that can attract the customers. Plus you need one more thing – marketing. You need to let the customer know that your product is eco-friendly. Eco-friendly pitch can give your product the much needed differentiating factor, and in some cases can even help you de-commoditize the product.

Starbucks: Goal – Soul. Bonus – Belly.

Living in Seattle, it’s hard to escape two things – rain and Starbucks. Experiencing both in abundance and spending quite a good sum–money and time–at my neighborhood Starbucks on frappuccino, it came as a surprise when Starbucks lowered its forecast for 2008. One of the reasons for lowering of forecast is increased competition from McDonald’s and Dunkin’ Donuts. This raises the question – what is the best way for Starbucks to take on these two giants moving forward? I believe the best way is by sticking strong to their roots and concentrate on filling the soul. In the process if the belly is filled, that’s an added bonus.

I recently completed reading Howard Schultz’s Pour Your Heart into It : How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time. Schultz’s very well defined the foundation of Starbucks i.e. making the local Starbucks as the third place for the people in the community after their work and home. Starbucks should make sure they do not loose their coffee bar atmosphere while tackling any competitor. That atmosphere is as integral to their brand as is the high quality coffee. Another important thing to note is that people do not come to Starbucks just for a cup of coffee, they come to get satisfaction of buying coffee in a store, where there is the perfect atmosphere to buy that perfect cup of coffee prepared by the cheerful (mostly) barista, or as Schultz put it, people come to Starbucks to fill their souls.

Now let’s talk about the specific competition from McDonald’s and Dunkin’ Donuts. Starbucks cannot take on either of these two on price equation. McDonald’s is known for its economical offerings and has an edge over all its competitors in this field, Starbucks being no exception. In fact, we all know that Starbucks charges a premium, and that has become an integral part of the brand. As far as the rising cost is concerned, it is experienced equally by all the competitors, so I won’t bring that in this equation.

McDonald’s and Dunkin’ Donut are primarily known for their “not so healthy” food. Fat rich offerings at both these places are not the first choice for the health conscious customers. That creates a perfect opportunity for Starbucks to play the health card! Starbucks has always created that perfect third place atmosphere for its customers. By offering healthy food for breakfast with the cup of coffee will provide Starbucks the opportunity to make it the one stop shop for customers in the morning, rather than hopping to different places for coffee and breakfast. Selling point – they are having the best coffee with a healthy meal.

The basic point to understand here is that people do not come to Starbucks to buy the panini sandwich, they come there for the cup of  coffee, but while getting that cup of coffee, if they can get something healthy to eat, they would appreciate that as compared to eating that thousand calories breakfast with a not as good cup of coffee.

Marketing Experience

When people enter a BMW (replace with your favorite car) showroom, what are they looking for? Are they looking for a car with a great performance and cool interior? Or a car with 5 years/40,000 miles warranty? Or something else? Well I think both, a great car and a top notch service, but that’s not all. Most of the time they are also looking to buy the experience, the experience of owning and driving this car. Many times, great product and service just do not make it lucrative enough for the customer, and that’s where experience kicks in. In a market where there are many choices available, you need to differentiate your offering from the competitors’, and one way to do that is by hooking an experience with your offering.

So what is this marketing experience? You can think of this as just another form of de-commoditization. It’s like you are still selling a product coupled with service, but you are packaging it as something more. Something virtual that adds value to your offering. There are several ways of marketing experience. One way is to attach a story to the product, something that the prospective customer can connect with. By doing this, the product creates a special place for itself in the hearts and minds of the customers, and when they finally go to buy it, they are buying that experience.

Yet another way is by adding a vibe to it, like in case of Trader Joe’s: a classic example of marketing experience. People shop at Trader Joe’s because they trust the quality of products they get at this place and they experience shopping at Trader Joe’s as shopping at a local store, a store that does not have that big chain kind of feeling. So here we are talking about a company with about 300 stores nationwide, a chain enterprise with the highest sales per square foot numbers (about $1300 to $1400, compared to industry average of $400 to $500) in its class and yet creating an experience of the local grocery store, which forms the base for its success. And to make it more firm, here’s the tagline of Trader Joe’s: Your Neighborhood Grocery Store. That’s what is marketing experience at its best.

Marketing Experience goes even further. Companies sell experience of working at their company to prospective employees. Business schools attract top talent by selling experience of studying and networking at their schools. The army and the marines sell the experience to get the best of the best to join the forces. Politicians sell a dream of an experience, an experience of a better tomorrow, to buy the votes. The list goes on and on.

The basic strategy is to put the product aside and concentrate on marketing the experience. The experience that can be only filled when your product comes in picture. If you are successful enough to make customers look for that experience, your product will automatically sell.

iPhone and the Chasm

There is one important thing to notice in all the activity and development in the iPhone world over the last few months. It takes us back to the discussion about the Chasm and the Tipping Point. The attempt of Apple to increase the adoption of iPhone can be seen in two ways:

First, Apple is trying to take the product across the Chasm. This brings up a case when companies take steps to push its product across the chasm. When this happens at a normal pace in the technology world, the mavens act like an important force to enable this push. But when companies try and force this by measures like price cuts, they are always taking the risk of loosing the support from the early adopters. For Apple, the risk was relatively low because of its track record of creating design geniuses over the years and the die-hard loyalty of the customers. 

Second, Apple is trying to increase the number of early adopters. If you see the potential size of the cellphone market around the World, having a million users for your product is not even scratching the surface. So one way to look at this is the early adoption base that Apple is trying to create in order to have a more profound force to take it across the chasm, may be in a few years.

I am more willing to go with the latter argument. It is true that Apple iPods have been a massive success and people pay a considerable premium to buy one of these. But when it comes to cellphones, the ballgame changes a little. We are looking at a two year contract with a minimum of $1200 for cellphone plan over this time. More important, we all know that in these two years, the iPhone and the likes would have taken at least a few major jumps both in terms of design and features, and the early adopters will not be able to move to the newer device till the contract ends (just look at an iPod from two years back and compare it to what is offered today). So I think it is a good strategy for Apple to get as many happy early adopters with it as possible so that when it comes out with the next version of iPhone in more models and variations to target a bigger market, it gets enough push from these mavens to cross the chasm. 

It’s not $200, it’s the differentiating factor

Now that the dust has settled a bit on the $200 price reduction on the much popular Apple iPhone, I think we should give it another look, from a slightly different perspective. Apple’s move caused a massive uproar from the early adopters. But price reduction is not something that happened for the first time. Cellphones get cheaper every other day, sometime even reaching negatives. So what was so special about iPhone? I think it was the differentiating factor, and Apple took that away from its early adopters by making the iPhone considerably affordable.

Apple early adopters are the group of people who are willing to shell additional dollars to get their hands on the latest Apple product, before the masses start adopting it. It is that virtual cult membership that gives them a sense of satisfaction and pride, to say the least. Now when the price conscious buyers got a hand on the iPhone after the price reduction, helping Apple to reach the target of selling 1 million iPhones by September, this cult pretty much dissolved in less than 12 weeks.

Apple tried to calm down the early adopters, its maven community, by giving a $100 store credit. Though it did make some early adopters happy, but for some reason, I think Apple did not hit the bull’s eye this time around. The basic thing that Apple did not fix with this move is the disappearance of the differentiating factor for the cult. How Apple could have fixed it even better? By creating that differentiator, or should I be more clear by saying clearly identifiable differentiator. It could have been an exclusive screen saver or wallpaper on iPhone, an exclusive set of ring-tones only to be available for the early adopters, a couple week early availability of the new apps coming out on iPhone or something else. Though this won’t have discounted for the $100 store credit, but the additional set of bells and whistles would have kept the loyalty of the “very” early adopters more intact.

But then, there is another perspective to take here – by making the iPhone more affordable, Apple increased the number of early adopters to a million, creating a stronger base for future releases…

De-commoditization

Selling commodities is hard, or should I say, selling anything as a commodity is hard. But what is a commodity when it comes to marketing? Is water a commodity? I think we have discussed this extensively in the past, so let’s move on to something else that looks like a commodity. How about coffee? Coffee is something many people need as the first thing in the morning. But then you put down $4 for a cup of it at Starbucks when you can clearly get it much cheaper at other places, let alone making your own coffee at home. This clearly throws it out of the commodity category.

Why are basic things like water and coffee not treated like commodities anymore? I think it is because companies like Fiji Water, Evian and Starbucks have very successfully applied the skill of “de-commoditization”. Anything that is treated like a commodity can be moved out of this commodity bracket with the help of marketing principles used by these companies.  All you need to do is make your product as attractive as possible and differentiate it from the lot. Whether it is by calling your bottled water as Artesian water and importing it from a far off place, or by finding tongue twisters to the name of your coffee and creating an atmosphere in there as cosy and comfortable as possible.

Let’s take something that is marketed as a commodity and play with it to de-commoditize it.  How about rice? Let’s try and de-commoditize rice, theoretically (I am not saying it is an easy thing to do. We all know that it took lot of hard work for the likes of Evian and Starbucks to master de-commoditization. We will just think out-loud and put some ideas on the table for the sake of this discussion). Rice is a food product, so like any other food product, we need to bring in two factors into consideration – purity and health – while marketing our brand of rice. Talking of purity, some things that come to mind are things like how it is handled, packaged, added coating and so on. As far as health is concerned, things like fat content, impact on cholesterol, organic production and healthy for heart are some factors that appeal most to the customers while making a buying decision. By advertising and marketing this product around these factors, we can create an impact on customers, hence persuading them to go for this brand of rice. 

In order to add the final push, we need to take packaging into account. This is something that is super important as well. Aren’t you wowed seeing the iPod packaging? Aren’t you excited to open something that is packed with lots of artistic integrity? So to add value to our product, let’s create an attractive packet for it with option to preserve the packet after using it or keep using it on an ongoing basis instead of emptying its content in a box.

By differentiating your product by using aspects like purity and health, and making it attractive using a unique packaging, we are now selling something that is much more than just a packet of rice…so what is it? It’s faith, health and purity being sold in that packet which contains a byproduct known as rice!

The point here is that it is not important what product you are trying to sell, what is important here is how you are selling it. Doesn’t matter how common or how lack-lustrous (you think) your product is, you can make it cool and attractive. Just think about it…if water, coffee and eggs can be de-commoditized, then your product or service can as well!

Membership fee ballgame

Warehouse store organizations like Costco and Sam’s club run their stores on a business model where they restrict entry to the stores to members only. Members (for those you don’t know) are the people who pay an upfront membership fee ($50 a year at Costco) to get a permit to buy products in bulk from their stores. How does this work?

Before we talk about how this ballgame is played by the warehouse stores, let’s take a look at some quick facts. First, Costco and the likes have more than 70% of operating income from the membership fees. Second, due to the upfront membership fees, these stored have very less long term debts. Third, the warehouse stores, which sell in bulk packs have significantly less choices for their customers as compared to other stores like Krogers and Walmart.

So how do customers fall in this trap of paying upfront for shopping and living with less than normal number of options? While shopping at these stores, the customers find things cheaper than at other places. There are few main reasons for cheaper products, or this perception of customers. First – bulk packs. By selling everything in bulk, the product manufactures save on packaging costs to some extent and that makes these goods cheaper as compared to individual selling cost at other stores. Second – in-house branding. Costco, to be specific, carry lot of products under their in-house brand named Kirkland. These Kirkland branded products are normally cheaper than the same products of other brands. Costco saves on the advertising expense on its brand and pass on some of the savings to the customers. Third and the most important one that creates a perception that products are even cheaper than they really are is the membership fees. No customer takes into account the membership fee they paid upfront when they compare the price tag of products at these stores to the price tag at any other place.

Another reason a customer goes for warehouse store membership is to get a feeling of being an insider. By getting that membership card and getting access to these large stores, they feel like they are part of something like a cult, which in this case is a really big group. This also creates a repeat customer footfall like nothing else. It is observed that normally a person ends up buying more at warehouse stores as compared to what they would at a regular store. Cheaper products is definitely a reason for this, but I think that’s not the only reason. Another reason, which is not that obvious, is the urge to utilize the upfront membership fee as much as they can. People think that since they already became a member, it’s better to utilize it by buying more.

Initially this model of paying money upfront to buy an entry card to shop at a store sounded very wierd to me, but after trying it for one year at Costco and buying those Kirkland branded product for “less”, I was too much used to it and like most customers, renewed the membership.

For me, it’s still primarily a bookstore…

I have criticized the brand extension of Amazon.com for selling things unrelated to books sometime back. Since then, I have spent quite a good amount of money buying books from Amazon and the stock price of AMZN has increased 200%. So what exactly is working for the dotcom giant? In a couple of words: extensive personalization. When I as an individual go to Amazon.com, it still comes up primarily as a bookstore. Yes they do have a link to 42 product categories they sell, but the first thing I see there is a list of books related to my taste as a reader followed by a list of bestsellers, and then some seasonal stuff like in October, Halloween story books and costumes followed by anything else like promotional products.

To compare visually, this is the first thing I see when I am at Amazon.com (note that I have not securely logged in, it is based on the information stored in Amazon cookie on my machine. If I purchase something, before checkout I will have to log in to my account). And this is what any new user sees on going to Amazon.com at the same time. The two pages have remarkably different content because my landing page is personalized for me based on my shopping history and activity on Amazon stores, while the other one is for generic user. Similarly, if you look at the landing page for any other user, it will have a completely different content based on their interest.

Amazon is a standout example of how you can do brand extension in unrelated fields if you concentrate on each customer as an individual and provide them with what they are looking for. Amazon uses technology to its benefit by empowering the site with a search box right at the top to help you find what you are looking for instantaneously, and hence taking you in a whole new world where you will find Amazon.com as a completely different store. If you search for kitchen appliances, Amazon will turn itself for you as a kitchen appliances store, and same for anything else. The crown jewel of Amazon is recommendation engine. No one has got this one thing as well as Amazon did. This engine helps Amazon take individual customization to the next stage.

As for the stock price, I have a slightly different theory. With the Internet boom and bust settling down and the web becoming more ingrained in the life of the masses, the analysts have started comparing Amazon and the likes to the brick-and-mortar stores. This instantaneously gave a kick to Amazon because they can sell a lot more than any brick-and-mortar store, or many of these stores taken together, because for one, they have a global presence, and next, they don’t have to maintain shelves and window displays like the physical stores. Amazon does maintain a real state on its website, but that is customized for each individual customer.

Just compare going to Sears stores with shopping at Amazon. At Amazon, it might take you less than a minute to find what you are looking for, while at Sears, it might take you 10 minutes to reach the end of store where you will find what you are looking for. But then there are some natural advantages at Sears and other physical stores like customers can touch and feel stuff, customers go to buy one thing and finds something totally different at the store and buys it as well and so on. With the help of software, the likelihood of Amazon filling these gaps is much more than Sears filling the voids like personalization and a near infinite inventory at a physical location.

Comparative Advertising

Recently I saw online banner ads for Buy.com that said: 10% off Amazon.com on over 900,000 books. This made me wonder why the banner is not saying: get books for 10% less than at any online bookstore. By referring to Amazon.com in their advertisement, Buy.com is doing two major mistakes. First, they are doing some free advertisement for Amazon.com and acknowledging it as the leading bookstore online. Second, it is loosing its own identity as a bookstore. What is the unique reason someone should go to Buy.com? Because it has 900,000 books (which may not cover the entire long tail) that are also at Amazon.com but 10% cheaper. If there were only 2 online bookstores, this ad would have made a little more sense, but when there are a zillion out there, and you want price to be your USP, why not say any online bookstore and gain an identity that we sell books at cheapest rate?

Another example that falls in this category is the commercial of Hyundai Azera, where the comparison is made to Lexus LS460. Hyundai can claim that it is a smart move to compare its model with a car far more popular and expensive, and provoke the customer to think why not buy a car more economical when it has all the same features except a fancy one. But to look at the flip side of the coin, the commercial does a huge favor for Lexus. Any customer will have a natural instinct to explore and find out what else is there is LS460 that makes it more expensive, and I can bet that a Lexus sales person will be able to point many if you ask him/her. I think the Hyundai commercial also makes a statement about the buyer of this car. Isn’t it saying that this person is driving an Azera because he could not (or may be would not) afford a Lexus LS460?

Many companies use this kind of advertising strategy where they explicitly mention the name of a competitor in their advertisements. I think just by comparing, the brand exposes a natural inferiority about its own product. But, if for some reason, you find a necessity to compare on a mass scale like in an advertisement, it’s always better to generalize the comparison without naming any other company.

One thing to make clear is that finger-pointing comparison has nothing to do with modestly acknowledging that you are not at the number one position. There are far better ways to do that. The first example that comes to mind is Avis. The car rental company so wonderfully campaigned saying: we are number 2: so we try harder. Yes, they are comparing here, but no one knows just from this statement with whom. And as Avis gained market share, they kicked out the “we are number 2” part, making its tagline “We try harder”.

To summarize, we all know that comparison is inevitable, and in most cases, customer will do the comparison before making a buying decision. If as a brand you want to force the comparison, do it in a way that it benefits more to you than to your competitors and make sure there is no chance of backfiring.

Positive vibe makes all the difference

Have you ever been at a place where you feel an overflow of positive energy? Some place where you feel excited, happy and energized? What is your reaction to that? Most of the time, you enjoy that experience, and depending on what it is, you may want to have a repeat experience of it. That’s what a positive vibe is and in a World where a customer is exposed to a lot of options, it is something that can make all the difference.

Positive vibe is one of the biggest differentiators. It makes a difference in a lot of things from a simple television advertisement spot to grocery shopping to workplace environment to almost anything you can think about. In case of advertisements, positive vibe plays a role in generating a desire to have the product. The best examples that come to my mind are the Porsche commercial (long version) or the iPhone ad. These advertisements make you chuckle. Why? Because the advertisement creates a good feeling about the product. A thought that says, may be (in case of Porsche, “one day”;-)) I should buy this product. That’s a unique feeling that makes the commercial stand out because you don’t get the same feeling while watching the other dozen car and cell phone commercials. 

Another explicit case where positive vibe directly converts in dollars is shopping centers. Whether it is grocery shopping or shopping for a furniture, the positive vibe makes the customer feel comfortable to spend more time and money at the store. Some examples that pop into mind while thinking about the happy and energized atmosphere at shopping places are Trader Joe’s and Whole Foods. These stores make the customer feel at home while shopping. The staff exemplifies a feeling of happiness increasing the footfall in these stores and the number of return customers.

There are places where positive vibe doesn’t make a that straight forward difference, but it can still be instrumental in many ways. For example, consider schools. Schools are there to provide education to the students. If schools can develop a positive vibe, the learning experience can become even better for students. Students should not feel going to school as a burden or necessity. They should rather be thrilled and excited to be at school. In order to do that, the students should feel welcome, energized and happy at the school. This will encourage students to spend more time and energy at what they do at school. This will improve their preformance of what they do, irrespective of whether it is learning math and science, or excelling in sports.

The vibe does make a difference. Sometimes big, sometimes small. This makes me wonder why are there shops where it is not there. Why are there ads that don’t make you excited about a product or an online store where you don’t feel like buying something? This raises the obvious question: is positive vibe something can be created? Yes, I think it can be. In fact it should be. It should be in your list of required features you want to be there. At the end, it’s all about creativity. If you can pump in some creativity in order to make the place or product more attractive, with the explicit thought in mind to bring in the feel good factor, you can generate this critical differentiating factor.